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发布于 2026-04-27 / 1 阅读
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【海洋可再生能源专刊】| 海洋可再生能源综合利用现状与展望

论文导读与观点概要


1. 研究背景与目的

面对全球能源需求的上升与气候变化的严峻挑战,海洋可再生能源(MRE)被视为构建清洁低碳、安全高效能源体系的关键路径。然而,单一能种开发(如仅开发波浪能或仅开发风能)普遍面临技术成熟度低、成本高、输出不稳定及环境适应性差等瓶颈。本文旨在系统梳理海上风能、波浪能、潮汐能等多种海洋能的利用技术,重点聚焦于多能互补系统(Multi-energy Complementary Systems)的研究。通过分析不同能种在时间、空间及气象条件上的互补机制,本文旨在探索如何通过系统集成与协同优化,提升能源输出的稳定性与整体经济性,为深远海能源开发提供理论支撑与技术参考。

2. 研究方法

本文采用文献综述与案例分析相结合的方法,对海洋可再生能源的综合利用进行了系统性梳理:

机理分析: 阐述了海上风能(固定式与漂浮式)、波浪能(振荡水柱式、越浪式等)、潮流能、温差能、盐差能及海上光伏的生成机理与技术现状。
互补机制研究: 深入探讨了不同能种间的耦合原理,包括风-浪互补(时序错峰)、风-光互补(昼夜互补)、波浪-潮汐/潮流互补(波动与稳态互补)以及其他多能融合形式。
工程实践对比: 结合国内外典型示范工程(如欧洲的Hexifloat、中国的风-波-潮试验平台),对比分析了国内外在多能互补系统设计、集成度及产业化路径上的差异。

3. 主要结果与发现

研究发现,多能互补系统在提升能源利用效率与稳定性方面具有显著优势,具体如下:

互补潜力巨大唤醒能与波浪能虽同源但响应特性不同(风先波后),具备天然的时序互补性;太阳能具有昼夜规律,与风能形成日夜互补。
实证数据支持 文中数据表明,通过多能互补与基础设施共享,能显著提升单位海域的产出效益。例如:
葡萄牙风浪共址项目相比单一风电,年发电量提高19%
风与潮流能共享平台,年发电量可提高70%以上
荷兰多源园区(风+浪+光)相比同海域仅风电,互联电缆容量因子提高19%,单位海域年发电量提高22%
技术差异 国内多能互补发展呈现“规模大、速度快、近海布局”的特点,多用于海岛供电与渔业融合;而欧美国家技术路线更为成熟,聚焦深远海开发,注重生态友好与系统协同控制。
尽管多能互补是提升海洋能源开发效率的有效途径,但目前仍面临系统设计复杂、强非线性耦合建模困难、试验验证匮乏、储能并网技术滞后以及生态影响评估体系不完善等关键挑战。

未来的发展趋势将聚焦于以下四个方面:

系统集成优化: 构建统一的选址与集成设计框架,发展高精度非线性耦合建模技术。

智能化与数字化: 深度融合数字孪生技术,实现装置与环境的实时交互与智能运维。
试验与标准建设: 建设具备风-浪-流多场协同模拟能力的中试平台,加速技术成果转化;构建统一的技术规范与标准体系。
绿色可持续: 强化环境影响评估,发展低生态干扰的开发技术,推动海洋可再生能源向高效、智能、绿色方向发展,助力“双碳”目标实现。


相关图表










未来展望


未来将聚焦于构建统一的系统选址与集成优化框架,综合考虑风、浪、流资源分布,装置布设耦合特性与平台动力响应,建立多目标、多约束的集成设计方法,提升能源整体开发效率与结构安全。同时,多能系统运行将与实时状态预测系统深度融合,通过装置与数字孪生之间的实时交互,增强自身环境适应能力。在试验验证方面,未来新型的中试平台将具有更加完善和强大的风-浪-流等多场协同试验的能力,将推动试验体系的完善,提升试验平台和试验体系的工程支持能力。“锚-平台-多能装置”耦合系统将来应在保证安全性与稳定性的情况下,进一步研究提升耦合系统的运行效率,提高耦合系统的运动控制能力,完善耦合系统全面技术支撑体系。

随着海上综合利用平台的发展,储能系统需提高储能能力并与海上风电、波浪能、潮汐能等装置适配,推动波-潮-风等海洋可再生能源的并网标准和智能调度策略的完善。平台应降低自身对环境的影响,利用智能运维技术,发展监测、机器人巡检和预测性维护等关键技术,以提升生态适应性并向绿色、可持续发展迈进,为新型海洋能源系统奠定基础。

随着海洋可再生能源综合利用开发的持续推进,相关政策支持也在不断强化,推动行业从初步探索迈向规范化、体系化发展阶段。国家和地方政府将继续出台鼓励性政策,涵盖科研资金扶持、试点示范推广、税收减免以及项目审批便利化等方面,为多能系统的技术创新与工程落地营造良好的政策环境。

与此同时,海洋可再生能源的技术规范和标准体系将加速构建,重点关注多能装置协同设计、离岸输电、储能配置、运维管理与生态保护等关键环节,填补多能源耦合系统在工程实践中缺乏统一标准的空白。这些规范将保障项目建设质量与安全,推动技术路线、设备选型和管理模式的创新,为多能互补系统的推广与商业化奠定基础。

在国家政策支持下,海洋可再生能源多能互补系统将朝着高效、智能、绿色方向发展。未来的“锚-平台-多能装置”系统将兼顾运动耦合与稳定性调控,新型中试平台将加速科研成果转化,提升储能能力和并网适配性,增强平台控制灵活性与经济性。机器人巡检、状态感知、预测性维护等技术将优化平台效能和生态友好性,推动海上可再生能源项目商业化,促进能源可持续发展,助力海洋强国战略。


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本文引用格式:李良, 季兴达, 胡帅瑞, 等. 海洋可再生能源综合利用现状与展望[J]. 海洋工程, 2026, 44(2): 1-21 (LI Liang, JI Xingda, HU Shuairui, et al. Integrated utilization of marine renewable energy: status and future prospects[J]. The Ocean Engineering, 2026, 44(2): 1-21.  (in Chinese))


作者简介:李良   



李良,中国海洋大学工程学院教授,英才教授(第一层次),曾于2016年至2019年在斯特拉斯克莱德大学进行学习研究。主要专注于海洋工程技术与海洋可再生能源利用及实用化技术开发、多功能海洋浮式平台耦合性能与自动运维研究、海上浮式风电场单点系泊研究等前沿方向。首届国家优秀青年科学基金项目(海外)获得者,并入选全国高校黄大年式教师团队,中国工程院工程前沿杰出青年学者。英国皇家造船工程师协会会员;英国高等教育中级认证证书;《China Ocean Engineering》青年编委;《海洋工程》青年编委。


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END





期刊简介



Introduction





《海洋工程》是中国科学技术协会主管,中国海洋学会主办,南京水利科学研究院和上海交通大学承办的综合性中文科技期刊,双月刊,创刊于1983年现已成为我国海洋工程领域具有较大影响力的学术期刊。报道范围涵盖深海工程、近海工程、海上风电工程、河口海岸工程、港口航道工程、海洋能源利用工程、海底矿产资源开发工程、水下工程、潜水救捞技术等。
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